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Environmental Toxicology
Toxicology is the quantitative study of the effects of harmful substances or stressful conditions on organisms. This rather broad field is broken down into three major divisions: economic, forensic, and environmental toxicology. Economic toxicology is concerned with the deliberate use of toxic chemicals to produce harmful effects on target organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and insects. Forensic toxicology is concerned with the medical and legal aspects of the adverse effects of harmfu chemicals and stressful conditions on humans. Environmental toxicology, the subject of this chapter, is concerned with the incidental exposure of plants and animals, including humans, to pollutant chemicals and unnatural environmental stresses. On the following pages the status and challenges of this multidisciplinary field of science is discussed within the context of (1) ecological risk assessment, (2) monitoring, (3) mechanisms, (4) fate and transport, (5) prevention, and (6) correctives.
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